36-year-old male with HIV/AIDS. In high-income settings, we suggest starting ART approximately two weeks after starting therapy to treat CMV [ 1 ]. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study on patients diagnosed with CMV retinitis. Mary J. Blige - Family Affair 28. In the studies mentioned previously, CMV retinitis was accompanied by extraocular disease only 30-40% of the time (11,12). Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a sight-threatening disease caused by CMV, a DNA virus from the human herpesviridae (HHV) family. Cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) is a severe, vision-threatening disease that primarily affects immunosuppressed patients. 37, 52, 89, 90 In contrast to the noninfectious lesions of AIDS, CMV retinitis demands aggressive treatment to prevent severe visual loss. HIV retinopathy is a microangiopathy that presents with cotton-wool spots, intraretinal hemorrhages, and capillary nonperfusion. At some point the MVR may progress to CMV retinitis. haemorrhage (16%) followed by cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis (9%), anterior uveitis (7%), ... lesion was retinopathy. Purpose: To compare the visual prognosis and clinical features of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis between HIV and non-HIV patients. of 0-5 years of HIV duration, 28 (9.3%) patients presented with anterior segment and 62 (26.6%) with posterior segment pathology, like HIV retinopathy. Kuo et al. Opportunistic viruses like cytomegalovirus (CMV) are the reason why you should do everything possible to prevent your HIV infection from advancing to AIDS. CMV retinitis afflicted 25% to 42% of AIDS patients in the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, with most vision loss due to macula-involving … Correlation between CD4+ counts and prevalence of cytomegalovirus retinitis and human immunodeficiency virus-related noninfectious retinal vasculopathy in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . You can manage both conditions effectively with medication, but neither has a cure. doi: 10.1007/s00417-014-2587-5 6,7 Therefore, detection of CMV retinitis before the patient loses vision is important. Median time to progression was 47 to 104 days, mean survival after diagnosis was 6 to 10 months, and indefinite intravenous maintenance therapy was mandatory. While immunocompetent individuals are mainly affected by HSV and VZV, CMV retinitis typically occurs in immunocompromised individuals. 1–8. Fundoscopy findings. Kuppermann BD, Petty JG, Richman DD, et al. 10) followed by CMV retinitis (Figure 11). The relative risk of HIV disease progression in children coinfected with CMV compared with children without CMV was 2.6 (95% CI: 1.1–6.0). CMV was confirmed as the pathogenic agent via polymerase chain reaction analysis of aqueous or vitreous humor samples or via immunohistochemical analysis of retinal biopsy specimens. CMV retinitis characteristics and treatment in HIV individuals and individuals on immunosuppressant post organ … In the past, about a quarter of active AIDS patients developed CMV retinitis. Fundoscopy showed left eye CMV retinitis and right eye HIV retinopathy. ); yteja@uic.edu (T.Y. Most common cause of visual loss in AIDS and most common ocular disease; major cause of impaired quality of life. Nose drops?NARP: Neurogenic muscular weakness with ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa?NARTI: Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase?NBM: Nil by mouth?NC: Less than 10% change in plasma concentration. Seroprevalence increases steadily in the USA from 36.3% in 6 to 11-year-olds to 90.8% of those aged 90 or older [].The most common ocular manifestation of cytomegalovirus infection is cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR), which typically occurs as a resurgent infection in a latently infected host who is severely … CMV retinitis in a 29-year-old African-American woman with … CMV can present in the eyes in a number of ways, although it most often does so with a sometimes debilitating inflammation of the retina, known simply as retinitis. [1,2] These abnormalities include reduced contrast sensitivity [], altered color vision, peripheral visual field loss, and electrophysiological … Cytomegalovirus retinitis [3] [45] Vision may be initially unaffected; Painless vision loss (unilateral or bilateral) occurs if the retina detaches or the posterior pole (optic nerve or macula) is affected. Prior to the introduction of HAART, patients often experienced a catastrophic loss of vision due to CMV retinopathy and other intraocular infections. CMV Retinitis. CMV retinitis early in its course can also mimic PORN. Multiple cotton wool spots due to HIV microangopathy, and an area of resolving CMV retinitis superior to the fovea (patient undergoing treatment with IV ganciclovir). 83 In a study of 200 patients from Togo the frequency of CMV retinitis among patients with AIDS was 21.5%. Other less common conditions … When your immune system breaks down, all areas of your body are susceptible to infection—including the eye. Gogri et al11 observed that HIV retinopathy was the most common HIV associated ophthalmic lesion. Conclusions: While the introduction of HAART has resulted in a major impact on the overall health of patients with HIV, the spectrum of ocular disease remains largely unchanged in developing countries such as India. 1993;115:575-582. There is no cost to patients who agree to participate in the Roche study at one of the 18 sites in the United States and Canada that are now enrolling patients. Conclusion：Patients with HIV infections with quantitative CMV-DNA levels > 6390 copies/mL … [17] It is hypothesised that the microvasculopathy associated with HIV retinopathy aids the transit of CMV-infected leukocytes across vessel walls. Invest Ophthalmol Vis CD4+ counts and the prevalence of cytomegalovirus retinitis and Sci 35:3362–3373 human immunodeficiency virus-related non-infectious retinal 17. CMV can present in the eyes in a number of ways, although it most often does so with a sometimes debilitating inflammation of the retina, known simply as retinitis. Before highly active antiretroviral therapy, CMV retinitis was a common problem for people with AIDS. Posterior Segment ocular manifestations of HIV - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (.ppt / .pptx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or view presentation slides … Cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) is an important opportunistic infection (OI) occurring mainly in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and has the potential to cause severe visual impairment and blindness among AIDS patients. CMV retinitis can cause irreversible vision loss and CMV retinitis is most common reason for blindness in patients with AIDS. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is the most common intra-ocular infection in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and a leading cause of AIDS-related morbidity. Abstract. Prior to the HIV/AIDS epidemic (i.e., before 1981), CMV retinitis was a rare disease occurring only among individuals with primary (inherited) immunodeficiency syndromes, autoimmune disorders, and those who had undergone organ transplants or immunosuppressive cancer chemotherapy. 1, 2 Similar to other herpes viruses, CMV remains latent suppressed by cell-mediated immunity, unless the patient suffers from a significant local (regional corticosteroid therapy) or systemic … Forty to 60 percent of American, Australian and European populations are CMV seropositive. Like acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), CMV retinitis is a viral infection. HIV, AIDS and CMV retinitis. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is the most common cause of vision loss in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a viral eye infection.It can be serious and even cause blindness. Based on the rate of spread, the most common condition confused with CMV retinitis—HIV retinopathy with “cotton-wool” spots—can easily be distinguished by repeat examination after three to four weeks. Retinal detachments in HIV patients with a history of CMV retinitis are rarely complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy. HIV retinopathy is fairly common in HIV positive patients and is the most common cause of loss of vision in these patients. 1-3 Induction therapy … Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a disease characterized by progressive, necrotizing retinitis that can lead to blindness in patients with immunocompromised states. To show the non-inferiority of EGRIFTA® vs. placebo in the development or progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in HIV-infected subjects with concomitant abdominal lipohypertrophy and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Ultimately, Vitravene was discontinued in 2004 because HIV treatment led to a reduction in the number of cases of CMV in HIV patients. Am J Ophthalmol. Kungs, Cookin' On 3 Burners - This Girl (Kungs Vs. Cookin' On 3 Burners) 29. Figure 3. FIGURE 6: The retinitis lesion has scarred up (arrow) after treatment. Visual function abnormalities are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients without retinitis even after improvement in immune status with anti-retroviral therapy. Cytomegalovirus retinitis poor visual acu - ity was observed in females (20.5%), aged 0-35 years, with HIV duration of 0-5 years and CD4+ count less than 200. Necrotizing Herpetic Retinopathy is an umbrella term under which both Acute Retinal Necrosis (ARN) and Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis (PORN) fall. CMV retinitis in a 69-year-old Caucasian man in chemotherapy-induced remission from non-Hodgkin lymphoma. However, the rapid progression and confluent circumferential spread of the retinal necrosis usually differentiates PORN from other forms of retinitis. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is the most common intraocular infection related to HIV infection, affecting around 25% of patients according to reports of the past decade and may cause progressive loss of vision and blindness. As such, CMV prevalence among men who have sex with men is approximately 90%, as it is with people with advanced HIV disease. CMV retinitis then occurred in roughly one-third of patients with AIDS, and accounted for over 90% of cases of HIV-related blindness [ 1 ]. Extraocular CMV disease was a major cause of AIDS-related morbidity and mortality [ 2 ]. Ocular manifestations are commonly seen in HIV patients, and the first description of the same was by … See also pp. While initially considered to be two distinct entities, recent literature suggests that these diseases are two ends of the necrotizing herpetic retinopathy spectrum. While people with HIV who are in good health are not likely to experience eye problems, it’s estimated that 70 percent of people with advanced AIDS experience eye disorders, including HIV retinopathy and CMV retinitis. Prevalence was 15 (19 eyes) in 766 HIV/AIDS patients (1.95%) in India. Black Eyed Peas - My Humps 23. CMV Retinitis and AIDS. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a sight-threatening disease associated with AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) — a serious disease of the immune system caused by infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). In the past, about a quarter of active AIDS patients developed CMV retinitis. Blue - All Rise 24. Case 1. Hemorrhages (red spots) Perivascular white opacities resembling cotton-wool spots (larger than HIV retinopathy) Med. CMVR is the most common ocular opportunistic infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients and is the leading cause of blindness in this group; however, the incidence of CMVR in HIV patients has dramatically … Background. Figure 2. Subsequent to the adoption and implementation of widespread antiretroviral therapy (ART), the prognosis of AIDS-associated … In the HAART era HIV retinopathy has been seen in higher proportion than HIV-related retinal infections, most likely because of … 4-6 Epidemiology of CMVR differs due to global variation of CMV seroprevalence. This article has been cited byother articles in PMC. Data from the HIV retinopathy in the form of limited cotton-wool spots is a common manifestation and occurs secondary to HIV-antibody immune complex deposition. Vitravene was developed for the local treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis afflicting HIV patients. 1-5 The condition causes full-thickness retinal necrosis and irreversible blindness if left untreated. The diagnosis of CMV retinitis is a clinical one and it is important for physicians to be familiar with … The condition occurs only in eyes with CMV retinitis. microorganisms Review Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in HIV and Non-HIV Individuals Monique Munro 1 , Tejabhiram Yadavalli 1,2 , Cheryl Fonteh 1 , Safa Arfeen 1 and Ann-Marie Lobo-Chan 1, * 1 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; moniquepmunro@gmail.com (M.M. Background: Retinal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a common opportunistic infection and remains a significant contributor to visual loss in patients with AIDS. We highlight the poor outcomes of CMV retinitis in three HIV-infected patients who were initiated on antiretroviral therapy (ART). While it is less common now, people with HIV or AIDS still have a higher risk for CMV retinitis. The important tool to the diagnosis of CMV retinitis is the history of immunodeficiency. ); cfonte3@uic.edu (C.F. Introduction. CMV retinitis has been reported to occur in 15–40% of AIDS patients with the rate declining since the arrival of HAART. The Pussycat Dolls, Busta Rhymes - Don't Cha 25. Other Ocular Complications of HIV/AIDS. In an atypical findings, the analysis of intraocular fluids or serological tests cou … ART and 5 months of weekly intravitreal ganciclovir injections (left eye) were commenced. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The incidence of retinal detachment also has not been found to significantly differ comparing HIV and non-HIV CMVR patients except in one small case series where HIV patients had higher rates of retinal detachment and more clock hours of retinitis on presentation than non-HIV CMVR patients . CMVR is the most common ocular opportunistic infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients and is the leading cause of blindness in this group; however, the incidence of CMVR in HIV patients has dramatically … PORN is characterized by a rapid progression of … HIV retinopathy, CMV retinitis Imaging device Fundus camera Description HIV retinopathy and resolving CMV retinitis, left eye. Six-month outcomes included virological suppression, and visual acuity in the right eye of 6/6 and in the left eye of 3/60.Case 2. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a leading cause of blindness in many developing countries with a high burden of AIDS. Sera obtained from AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis before and after treatment with foscarnet, AIDS patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) retinopathy, AIDS patients without retinal disease, and normal healthy controls with and without positive CMV serologies were assayed for the presence of antibodies against the 200-kDa outer, … In the HAART era HIV retinopathy has been seen in higher proportion than HIV-related retinal infections, most likely because of … HIV-Related CMV Retinitis in the Developing World by gabrielle weiner, contributing writer interviewing david heiden, md, gary n. holland, md, and jeremy d. keenan, md, mph N early 34 million people worldwide are currently infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and 97 percent of them are in middle- and low-income countries. CMV retinitis, a serious viral eye infection of the retina in patients affected by AIDS, is estimated to affect 30% of these patients. Choroidal granuloma was the most common manifestation, present in more than 50% of eyes. Ever since the first case of neovascular event complicating CMV necrotizing retinopathy reported by Saran et al in 1996, 19 a dozen of similar cases could be found in the literature at present. 1, 2 Similar to other herpes viruses, CMV remains latent suppressed by cell-mediated immunity, unless the patient suffers from a significant local (regional corticosteroid therapy) or systemic … Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes a multisystemic disease called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a sight-threatening disease associated with AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) — a serious disease of the immune system caused by infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). In a comparison of 1997 with 1995 data, the mean CD4+ cell count of patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis was higher (169 +/- 150 CD4/microl vs 15 +/- 47 CD4/microl) (P = .05), and the relapses of CMV retinitis were less frequent (17% vs 36%) (P = .02). Figure 1. Cytomegalovirus is a ubiquitous member of the family of human herpesvirus types 1 and 2, and the seroprevalence of CMV is about 90% among the Thai adult population. (70%) for HIV infection. Analysis with support vector machine shows HIV-positive subjects without infectious retinitis have mfERG deficiencies compared to normal eyes Transactions of … In the era before Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), catastrophic loss of vision from opportunistic infections of the retina, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, was the major focus of study regarding ocular disease related to … PDF | Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is one of the most important opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients in developing countries... | … Abstract. Answer. PRIOR TO the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis was estimated to affect 30% of people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at some point during their shortened lifetimes 1 and was associated with high rates of visual loss. Mutlukan E, Keating K (1994) Visual field interpretation with a vasculopathy in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syn- personal computer based neural network. Binocular affectionof HIV retinopathy was 6.1% and CMV retinitis was 1.5%. Agarwal A, Kumari N, Trehan A, Khadwal A, Dogra MR, Gupta V, et al. Start studying Retinal Infectious and Inflammatory Disease. In the HAART era, cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and HIV retinopathy continued to remain the most common infectious and non-infectious cause of visual morbidity. HIV retinopathy is a risk factor for CMV retinitis prompting the recommendation for routine ophthalmic examination every 3 months in patients with HIV retinopathy. 12. The occasional rare case may be extensive and also demonstrate retinal hemorrhages, adjacent to cotton-wool spots, that are severe enough to mimic the appearance of CMV retinitis. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a late-stage opportunistic infection in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS. HIV can also cause MVR assuming cotton-wool spots and small intraretinal hemorrhage which leads to mild to moderate visual function impairment. 6,7,20–22 Neovascular complications of HIV-related CMV retinitis are rare, but the incidence was recognized to be higher in non-HIV patients. survival after Dx w/ CMV-R 8.5-12 mos in pre-HAART era. CMV retinitis is associated with CD4 T-cell counts lower than 50 cells/mm. Depending on the presence of HIV infection, best-corrected visual acuity (VA) and clinical feature of CMV retinitis were analyzed. Immune-recovery uveitis (IRU) is a syndrome of uveitis, vitreitis, and macular edema (Figure 2) that occurs in up to 60% of patients with CMV retinitis who have developed a substantial degree of immune recovery from HAART. Cytomegaloviral infection is common. RESULTS: Five non-HIV patients with granular necrotizing retinitis, vitritis, and severe occlusive vasculopathy were identified. Opportunistic viruses like cytomegalovirus (CMV) are the reason why you should do everything possible to prevent your HIV infection from advancing to AIDS. 9-11 Adult CMV seropositivity rates are higher in Africa and … Retinitis comprises 80-90% of end-organ CMV disease. Of the 284 patients with unilateral CMV retinitis, 242 (85%) were without cataract, 38 (13%) had cataract in the eye with CMV retinitis only, and 4 (1.4%) had bilateral cataracts. A 37-year-old man, with a CD4+ cell count of 35 cells/µL, presented for ART initiation with a 5-month history of visual loss in his left eye. 3 signs of HIV retinopathy Retinal hemorrhage Microaneurysms Cotton-wool spots. Cytomegalovirus retinitis remains the leading cause of visual loss in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV-positive patients with newly diagnosed CMV retinitis are eligible to participate in this study irrespective of CD4 count or viral load. In the United States, patients diagnosed with CMV retinitis in the HAART era are significantly more likely to be uninsured than in the pre-HAART era, suggesting that access to care is an important factor in the occurrence of CMV retinitis. Ocular tuberculosis is rare even in HIV-infected patients residing in endemic areas. In 1997, patients with newly diagnosed or relapsing CMV retinitis had a lower mean CD4+ (37 +/- 42) cell count than patients with no relapsing CMV retinitis (197 +/- 160) (P = .01). Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis was the most common opportunistic ocular infection, affecting 37% of the patients with AIDS. Most of the patients (76%) were in the 20- to 40-year age group. Moreover, more recent studies suggest an increasing frequency of CMV retinitis in Sub-Saharan Africa (15-20%), in part attributed to better treatment of other opportunistic infections. Given the need for lifelong therapy for CMV retinitis in some HIV-positive patients, valganciclovir is a welcome alternative to long-term administration of intravenous antivirals. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Retinitis is an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related opportunistic infection that can lead to blindness. ); … reported that the overall clinical course of CMVR in non-HIV patients … CMV retinopathy was the most common cause of visual impairment and vision loss in HIV-infected persons prior to the ART era , with 25–42 % of HIV-infected patients with AIDS developing CMV retinitis [17, 18]. You can manage both conditions effectively with medication, but neither has a cure. History of CMV. Subretinal abscess in 7 eyes worsed to panophthalmitis in 3. Untreated CMV retinitis in AIDS patients is a progressive and potentially blinding disorder. As such, CMV prevalence among men who have sex with men is approximately 90%, as it is with people with advanced HIV disease. Other opportunistic ocular infections, including ocular toxoplasmosis, varicella zoster virus retinitis, and Pneumocystis choroidopathy were all much less common, each occurring in < or = 1% of the patients with AIDS. CMV retinitis displaying frosted branch angiitis. Like acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), CMV retinitis is a viral infection. Discussion CMV retinitis is a severe ocular problem that can lead to blindness. 2 More recently, the incidence of CMV retinitis has decreased by 55% to 95%, 3-5 with current … Of note, the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (Gardasil™) was recently VZV, and CMV can also be detected in non-lesional skin, a primary found to be safe and immunogenic in HIV-infected children; hopefully, role for CMV in the pathogenesis of these lesions has been 1289 use of HPV vaccines in young HIV-infected individuals will help to questioned43. They should see an ophthalmologist regularly. HIV retinopathy is a microangiopathy that presents with cotton-wool spots, intraretinal hemorrhages, and capillary nonperfusion. Outcome of cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunocompromised patients without Human Immunodeficiency Virus treated with intravitreal ganciclovir injection. Newly diagnosed CMV retinitis decreased from 6.1% (59 of 952 patients) in 1995 to 1.2% (nine of 726 patients) in 1997 (P < .0001). Fundoscopy showed left eye CMV retinitis and right eye HIV retinopathy. CMV retinitis (CMV-R) occurred in ~30% AIDS pts pre-HAART, now ~5% or less in HAART era. In patients with HIV infections, the CD4+ T lymphocyte count, and peripheral blood quantitative CMV-DNA levels were found to be independent risk factors for CMV retinitis (P6390 copies/mL were associated with more severe ophthalmolgic conditions related to CMV retinitis. (2014) 252:1393–401. CMV Retinitis. Gwen Stefani, Akon - The Sweet Escape 26. The diagnosis of CMV retinitis only in 9 cases (0,48% of all uveitic patients) confirms the rare occurrence of this retinitis. Significant retinal nerve fiber layer loss occurs in HIV patients without CMV retinitis but with low CD4 + counts. Third-generation optical coherence tomography (OCT) may be … Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis (17%) and HIV retinopathy (15%) were the most common HIV-associated ophthalmic lesions. It may be confused with HIV retinopathy, which is actually more common the CMV retinitis. HIV retinopathy occurs in 50-70% of patients and is characterized by intraretinal hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and microaneurysms. A parallel study 14done by Joshi et al also showed that HIV retinopathy (23.3%) was the most common HIV associated ophthalmic lesion. Heterosexual exposure to commercial sex workers was the most common risk factor. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is the most common intraocular infection related to HIV infection, affecting around 25% of patients according to reports of the past decade and may cause progressive loss of vision and blindness. Fergie, will.i.am - Fergalicious 27. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is a disease characterized by progressive, necrotizing retinitis that can lead to blindness in patients with immunocompromised states. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. - HIV retinopathy - CMV retinitis - Progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) - Retinochoroiditis - Tumors (Kaposi, Lymphoma, conjunctival squamous carcinoma). For patients who develop AIDS-related cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis, treatment consists of CMV antiviral therapy and antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV. Syphilis should always be considered in the differential diagnosis, particularly in the presence of HIV infection. Cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) is a severe, vision-threatening disease that primarily affects immunosuppressed patients. Risk factors predisposing to CMV retinitis include immunosuppression such as HIV infection, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and the use of systemic corticosteroid or immunosuppressive therapy. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis is the most common opportunistic retinal infection in immunocompromised individuals, classically associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection [1,2,3,4].It has been reported in 75–85% of HIV-positive patients with CD4+T-cell counts less than 50 cells/µL [1, 2].While the incidence of CMV retinitis has decreased by … We conducted a retrospective chart review of advanced stage HIV-infected patients with known CMV retinitis. Cytomegalovirus is a ubiquitous member of the family of human herpesvirus types 1 and 2, and the seroprevalence of CMV is about 90% among the Thai adult population. Results: In the pre-HAART era, CMV retinitis was the most common HIV-associated retinopathy, occurring in 20%-40% of patients. The zone of retinitis advances at a rate of approximately 750 microns, or half a “disc diameter” every three weeks. 22 CMV retinitis is the most frequent severe manifestation of CMV disease among HIV-infected children, accounting for approximately 25% of CMV AIDS-defining illnesses.

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